The emergence of tools that allow people to efficiently produce novel and detailed online reviews with almost no work has put , service providers and consumers in uncharted territory, watchdog groups and researchers say.
have long plagued many popular consumer websites, and Yelp. They are typically traded on private social media groups between fake review brokers and businesses willing to pay. Sometimes, such reviews are initiated by businesses that offer customers incentives such as gift cards for positive feedback.
But AI-infused text generation tools, popularized by OpenAIB次元官网网址檚 , enable fraudsters to produce reviews faster and in greater volume, according to tech industry experts.
The deceptive practice, which is , is carried out year-round but becomes a bigger problem for consumers during the , when many people rely on reviews to help them purchase gifts.
Where are AI-generated reviews showing up?
Fake reviews are found across a wide range of industries, from e-commerce, lodging and restaurants, to services such as home repairs, and piano lessons.
The Transparency Company, a tech company and watchdog group that uses software to detect fake reviews, said it started to see AI-generated reviews show up in large numbers in mid-2023 and they have multiplied ever since.
For a report released this month, The Transparency Company analyzed 73 million reviews in three sectors: home, legal and medical services. Nearly 14% of the reviews were likely fake, and the company expressed a B次元官网网址渉igh degree of confidenceB次元官网网址� that 2.3 million reviews were partly or entirely AI-generated.
B次元官网网址淚tB次元官网网址檚 just a really, really good tool for these review scammers,B次元官网网址� said Maury Blackman, an investor and advisor to tech startups, who reviewed The Transparency CompanyB次元官网网址檚 work and is set to lead the organization starting Jan. 1.
In August, software company DoubleVerify said it was observing a B次元官网网址渟ignificant increaseB次元官网网址� in mobile phone and smart TV apps with reviews crafted by generative AI. The reviews often were used to deceive customers into installing apps that could hijack devices or run ads constantly, the company said.
The following month, the Federal Trade Commission sued the company behind an AI writing tool and content generator called Rytr, accusing it of offering a service that could pollute the marketplace with fraudulent reviews.
The FTC, which this year banned the of fake reviews, said some of RytrB次元官网网址檚 subscribers used the tool to produce hundreds and perhaps thousands of reviews for garage door repair companies, sellers of B次元官网网址渞eplicaB次元官网网址� designer handbags and other businesses.
ItB次元官网网址檚 likely on prominent online sites, too
Max Spero, CEO of AI detection company Pangram Labs, said the software his company uses has detected with almost certainty that some AI-generated appraisals posted on Amazon bubbled up to the top of review search results because they were so detailed and appeared to be well thought-out.
But determining what is fake or not can be challenging. External parties can fall short because they donB次元官网网址檛 have B次元官网网址渁ccess to data signals that indicate patterns of abuse,B次元官网网址� Amazon has said.
Pangram Labs has done detection for some prominent online sites, which Spero declined to name due to non-disclosure agreements. He said he evaluated Amazon and Yelp independently.
Many of the AI-generated comments on Yelp appeared to be posted by individuals who were trying to publish enough reviews to earn an B次元官网网址淓liteB次元官网网址� badge, which is intended to let users know they should trust the content, Spero said.
The badge provides access to exclusive events with local business owners. Fraudsters also want it so their Yelp profiles can look more realistic, said Kay Dean, a former federal criminal investigator who runs a watchdog group called Fake Review Watch.
To be sure, just because a review is AI-generated doesnB次元官网网址檛 necessarily mean its fake. Some consumers might experiment with AI tools to generate content that reflects their genuine sentiments. Some non-native English speakers say they turn to AI to make sure they use accurate language in the reviews they write.
B次元官网网址淚t can help with reviews (and) make it more informative if it comes out of good intentions,B次元官网网址� said Michigan State University marketing professor Sherry He, who has researched fake reviews. She says tech platforms should focus on the behavioral patters of bad actors, which prominent platforms already do, instead of discouraging legitimate users from turning to AI tools.
What companies are doing
Prominent companies are developing policies for how AI-generated content fits into their systems for removing phony or abusive reviews. Some already employ algorithms and investigative teams to detect and take down fake reviews but are giving users some flexibility to use AI.
Spokespeople for Amazon and Trustpilot, for example, said they would allow customers to post AI-assisted reviews as long as they reflect their genuine experience. Yelp has taken a more cautious approach, saying its guidelines require reviewers to write their own copy.
B次元官网网址淲ith the recent rise in consumer adoption of AI tools, Yelp has significantly invested in methods to better detect and mitigate such content on our platform,B次元官网网址� the company said in a statement.
The Coalition for Trusted Reviews, which Amazon, Trustpilot, employment review site Glassdoor, and travel sites Tripadvisor, Expedia and launched last year, said that even though deceivers may put AI to illicit use, the technology also presents B次元官网网址渁n opportunity to push back against those who seek to use reviews to mislead others.B次元官网网址�
B次元官网网址淏y sharing best practice and raising standards, including developing advanced AI detection systems, we can protect consumers and maintain the integrity of online reviews,B次元官网网址� the group said.
banning fake reviews, which took effect in October, allows the agency to fine businesses and individuals who engage in the practice. Tech companies hosting such reviews are shielded from the penalty because they are not legally liable under U.S. law for the content that outsiders post on their platforms.
Tech companies, including Amazon, Yelp and Google, have sued fake review brokers they accuse of peddling counterfeit reviews on their sites. The companies say their technology has blocked or removed a huge swath of suspect reviews and suspicious accounts. However, some experts say they could be doing more.
B次元官网网址淭heir efforts thus far are not nearly enough,B次元官网网址� said Dean of Fake Review Watch. B次元官网网址淚f these tech companies are so committed to eliminating review fraud on their platforms, why is it that I, one individual who works with no automation, can find hundreds or even thousands of fake reviews on any given day?B次元官网网址�
Spotting fake AI-generated reviews
Consumers can try to by watching out for a few , according to researchers. Overly enthusiastic or negative reviews are red flags. Jargon that repeats a productB次元官网网址檚 full name or model number is another potential giveaway.
When it comes to AI, research conducted by Bal谩zs Kov谩cs, a Yale professor of organization behavior, has shown that people canB次元官网网址檛 tell the difference between AI-generated and human-written reviews. Some AI detectors may also be fooled by shorter texts, which are common in online reviews, the study said.
However, there are some B次元官网网址淎I tellsB次元官网网址� that online shoppers and service seekers should keep it mind. Panagram Labs says reviews written with AI are typically longer, highly structured and include B次元官网网址渆mpty descriptors,B次元官网网址� such as generic phrases and attributes. The writing also tends to include cliches like B次元官网网址渢he first thing that struck meB次元官网网址� and B次元官网网址済ame-changer.B次元官网网址�
