Hate mealy apples and soggy french fries? Science can help.

Restaurants, grocers, farmers and food companies are increasingly turning to chemistry and physics to tackle the problem of food waste.

Some are testing spray-on peels or chemically-enhanced sachets that can slow the ripening process in fruit. Others are developing digital sensors that can tell B次元官网网址� more precisely than a label B次元官网网址� when meat is safe to consume. And packets affixed to the top of a takeout box use thermodynamics to keep fries crispy.

Experts say growing awareness of food waste and its incredible cost B次元官网网址� both in dollars and in environmental impact B次元官网网址� has led to an uptick in efforts to mitigate it. U.S. food waste startups raised $300 billion in 2021, double the amount raised in 2020, according to ReFed, a group that studies food waste.

B次元官网网址淭his has suddenly become a big interest,B次元官网网址� said Elizabeth Mitchum, director of the Postharvest Technology Center at the University of California, Davis, who has worked in the field for three decades. B次元官网网址淓ven companies that have been around for a while are now talking about what they do through that lens.B次元官网网址�

In 2019, around 35% of the 229 million tons of food available in the U.S. B次元官网网址� worth around $418 billion B次元官网网址� went unsold or uneaten, according to ReFed. Food waste is the largest category of material placed in municipal landfills, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which says rotting food releases methane, a problematic greenhouse gas.

ReFed estimates 500,000 pounds of food could be diverted from landfills annually with high-tech packaging.

Among the products in development are a sensor by Stockholm-based Innoscentia that can determine whether meat is safe depending on the buildup of microbes in its packaging. And Ryp Labs, based in the U.S. and Belgium, is working on a produce sticker that would release a vapor to slow ripening.

SavrPak was founded in 2020 by Bill Bergen, an aerospace engineer who was tired of the soggy food in his lunchbox. He developed a plant-based packet B次元官网网址� made with food-safe materials approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration B次元官网网址� that can fit inside a takeout container and absorb condensation, helping keep the food inside hotter and crispier.

Nashville, Tennessee-based hot chicken chain Hattie BB次元官网网址檚 was skeptical. But after testing SavrPaks using humidity sensors, it now uses the packs when itB次元官网网址檚 catering fried foods and is working with SavrPak to integrate the packs into regular takeout containers.

Brian Morris, Hattie BB次元官网网址檚 vice president of culinary learning and development, said each SavrPak costs the company less than $1 but ensures a better meal.

B次元官网网址淲hen it comes to fried chicken, we kind of lose control from the point when it leaves our place,B次元官网网址� Morris said. B次元官网网址淲e donB次元官网网址檛 want the experience to go down the drain.B次元官网网址�

But cost can still be a barrier for some companies and consumers. Kroger, the nationB次元官网网址檚 largest grocery chain, ended its multi-year partnership with Goleta, California-based Apeel Sciences this year because it found consumers werenB次元官网网址檛 willing to pay more for produce brushed or sprayed with ApeelB次元官网网址檚 edible coating to keep moisture in and oxygen out, thus extending the time that produce stays fresh.

Apeel says treated avocados can last a few extra days, while citrus fruit lasts for several weeks. The coating is made of purified mono- and diglycerides, emulsifiers that are common food additives.

Kroger wouldnB次元官网网址檛 say how much more Apeel products cost. Apeel also wouldnB次元官网网址檛 reveal the average price premium for produce treated with its coating since it varies by food distributor and grocer. But Apeel says its research shows customers are willing to pay more for produce that lasts longer. Apeel also says it continues to talk to Kroger about other future technology.

There is another big hurdle to coming up with innovations to preserve food: Every food product has its own biological makeup and handling requirements.

B次元官网网址淭here is no one major change that can improve the situation,B次元官网网址� said Randy Beaudry, a professor in the horticulture department at Michigan State UniversityB次元官网网址檚 school of agriculture.

Beaudry said the complexity has caused some projects to fail. He remembers working with one large packaging company on a container designed to prevent fungus in tomatoes. For the science to work, the tomatoes had to be screened for size and then oriented stem-up in each container. Eventually the project was scrapped.

Beaudry said itB次元官网网址檚 also hard to sort out which technology works best, since startups donB次元官网网址檛 always share data or formulations with outside researchers.

Some companies find it better to rely on proven technology B次元官网网址� but in new ways. Chicago-based Hazel Technologies, which was founded in 2015, sells 1-methylcyclopropene, or 1-MCP, a gas that has been used for decades to delay the ripening process in fruit. The compound B次元官网网址� considered non-toxic by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency B次元官网网址� is typically pumped into sealed storage rooms to inhibit the production of ethylene, a plant hormone.

But HazelB次元官网网址檚 real breakthrough is a sachet the size of a sugar packet that can slowly release 1-MCP into a box of produce.

Mike Mazie, the facilities and storage manager at BelleHarvest, a large apple packing facility in Belding, Michigan, ordered around 3,000 sachets this year. He used them for surplus bins that couldnB次元官网网址檛 fit into the sealed rooms required for gas.

B次元官网网址淚f you can get another week out of a bushel of apples, why wouldnB次元官网网址檛 you?B次元官网网址� he said. B次元官网网址淚t absolutely makes a difference.B次元官网网址�

The science is promising but itB次元官网网址檚 only part of the solution, said Yvette Cabrera, the director of food waste for the Natural Resources Defense Council. Most food waste happens at the residential level, she said; lowering portion sizes, buying smaller quantities of food at a time or improving the accuracy of date labels could have even more impact than technology.

B次元官网网址淥verall as a society, we donB次元官网网址檛 value food as it should be valued,B次元官网网址� Cabrera said.

B次元官网网址擠ee-ann Durbin, The Associated Press