Red hot sparks fly through the air as a worker in a heat-resistant suit pokes a long metal rod into a nickel smelter, coaxing the molten metal from a crucible at a processing facility on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.
The smelter run by global mining firm Vale and powered by electricity from three dams churns out 75,000 tons of nickel a year for use in batteries, electric vehicles, appliances and many other products.
While the smelting creates heavy emissions of greenhouse gases, the power used is relatively clean. Such possible reductions in emissions come as demand for critical minerals like nickel and cobalt is surging as climate change hastens a transition to renewable energy.
Mining operations account for some 4%-7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, global consulting firm McKinsey & Company. But some miners are moving to reduce use of fossil fuels in extracting and refining, partly due to pressure from downstream customers that want more sustainable supply chains.
Located beside a crystal-blue lake in the lush jungle of Sorowako, South Sulawesi, Vale Indonesia B次元官网网址� a subsidiary of Vale international B次元官网网址� runs its smelters entirely from hydroelectricity. Vale over 1.115 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent a year, compared to using diesel. Vale claims it has reduced its greenhouse gas emissions nearly a fifth since 2017.
As demand for materials needed for batteries, solar panels and other components vital for cutting global emissions rises, carbon emissions by miners and refiners will likewise rise unless companies actively work to decarbonize.
Experts say improved technology, pressure from customers and enforcement of clean energy policies all are needed to keep moving toward more sustainable mining and refining practices while raising output to keep pace with global needs for pivoting away from reliance on polluting fossil fuels.
Other companies and countries around the world also are reducing use of fossil fuels in their mining operations. Solar plants in Chile help power the mining sector, which consumes much of the countryB次元官网网址檚 electricity demand to produce copper, lithium and other materials. In recent years, wind power has helped electrify the Raglan Mine in Canada.
Companies are learning from past mistakes of the industrial revolution, where reliance on fossil fuels was paramount for development, said Michael Goodsite, a pro vice chancellor and professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Adelaide in Australia.
B次元官网网址淚 think as you see the future of certain operations, youB次元官网网址檒l see them transitioning,B次元官网网址� he said. B次元官网网址淭he way that they transition and how they move from fossil fuel operations to other energy sources can and should be learned from by others.B次元官网网址�
Indonesia is the worldB次元官网网址檚 largest nickel producer and Indonesian President Joko Widodo has promoted the country developing its own industries.
The push to cut emissions and use cleaner energy has been helped by investment and interest from governments and multinational companies. Volvo, Mercedes, Hyundai, Apple and other manufacturers need materials made in a more sustainable way to meet their own environmental, social and governance, or ESG, commitments.
Widodo visited Vale IndonesiaB次元官网网址檚 Sorowako facilities in March, the same month a deal was signed for a $4.5 billion nickel procession plant to be built by Vale Indonesia with investment by Ford Motor Co.
B次元官网网址淔ord can help ensure that the nickel that we use in electric vehicle batteries is mined, produced within the same ESG standards as B次元官网网址� our business around the world,B次元官网网址� Christopher Smith, FordB次元官网网址檚 chief government affairs officer, said at a signing ceremony for a new $4.5 billion nickel processing plant in Indonesia with Vale Indonesia in March this year.
Even companies already taking steps to decarbonize are still reliant on at least some fossil fuels.
At Vale Indonesia in Sorowako, coal is still used to power drying and reduction kilns. The companyB次元官网网址檚 CEO, Febriany Eddy, said she plans to switch such operations to liquefied natural gas B次元官网网址� cleaner but still another fossil fuel.
ItB次元官网网址檚 the best option available given current technology, she said in an interview with The Associated Press.
B次元官网网址淚 have two options in front of me: I continue to say that there is no viable option, that we will wait until that perfect solution is to come, which (could take) 15 or 20 years to come. Or I work with LNG first, knowing it is not a perfect solution, knowing it is a transition only,B次元官网网址� Eddy said. B次元官网网址淏ut with conversion to LNG, I can reduce 40% of my emissions.B次元官网网址�
The use as LNG as a B次元官网网址渂ridge fuelB次元官网网址� has been contested by climate experts, as the fuel releases climate-warming methane and carbon dioxide when itB次元官网网址檚 produced, transported and burned.
Initial costs for switching to, expanding and building new renewable infrastructure are another steep barrier.
It took decades to recoup costs from building the three hydropower dams in the remote, sparsely populated area, that are used to power ValeB次元官网网址檚 Sorowako facilities. But now, having that infrastructure means big savings at a time when global energy prices are high.
B次元官网网址淗ydropower isnB次元官网网址檛 just reducing our carbon emissions, but also reducing our costs today because we are no longer that (vulnerable) to fuel and coal costsB次元官网网址� because we have hydropower,B次元官网网址� Eddy said.
Having mining operations powered by renewable sources instead of fossil fuels could also help unlock green financing and attract future investors, said Aimee Boulanger, executive director of the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance.
B次元官网网址淭he finance and investment sector is more tuned in than it ever has before to the environmental and social responsibility of supply chains and their investments in them. And theyB次元官网网址檙e looking at greenhouse gas emissions,B次元官网网址� she said. B次元官网网址淲hen the world is recovering from a global pandemic and facing the global crisis of climate change, thereB次元官网网址檚 never been a time when theyB次元官网网址檝e been more interested in these issues.B次元官网网址�
While many companies are stepping up efforts to decarbonize their supply chains, others B次元官网网址� such as many of those making green energy materials in China, have less stringent requirements for their materials.
B次元官网网址淲e can find jurisdictions around the world that B次元官网网址� if theyB次元官网网址檙e able to do things cheaply because they have access to fossil fuels and they already have the capital assets and the capital expendituresB次元官网网址� theyB次元官网网址檙e going to continue doing that,B次元官网网址� Goodsite said when asked about Chinese businesses.
Ultimately, investors and consumers play a vital role in getting companies to clean up their operations, he said.
But phasing out the mining industryB次元官网网址檚 reliance on fossil fuels will be costly, especially as the United States and other countries build up the capacity to bring production of critical materials onshore.
B次元官网网址淚f the end users care about them coming from B次元官网网址 green energy based processB次元官网网址� then we all need to be prepared to pay a significant premium for that,B次元官网网址� Goodsite said.
