Ryan Mackey quietly sang a sacred Cherokee verse as he pulled a handful of tobacco out of a zip-close bag. Reaching over a barbed wire fence, he scattered the leaves onto the pasture where a growing B次元官网网址� popularly known as B次元官网网址� grazed in northeastern Oklahoma.

The offering represented a reverent act of thanksgiving, the 45-year-old explained, and a desire to forge a divine connection with the animals, his ancestors and the Creator.

B次元官网网址淲hen tobacco is used in the right way, itB次元官网网址檚 almost like a contract is made between you and the spirit B次元官网网址� the spirit of our Creator, the spirit of these bison,B次元官网网址� Mackey said as a strong wind rumbled across the grassy field. B次元官网网址淓verything, they say, has a spiritual aspect. Just like this wind, we can feel it in our hands, but we canB次元官网网址檛 see it.B次元官网网址�

Decades after the last bison vanished from their tribal lands, the Cherokee Nation is part of a nationwide resurgence of Indigenous people seeking to reconnect with the humpbacked, shaggy-haired animals that occupy a crucial place in centuries-old tradition and belief.

Since 1992 the federally chartered InterTribal Buffalo Council has helped from locations such as Badlands National Park in South Dakota, Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona to 82 member tribes in 20 states.

B次元官网网址淐ollectively those tribes manage over 20,000 buffalo on tribal lands,B次元官网网址� said Troy Heinert, a Rosebud Sioux Tribe member who serves as executive director of the InterTribal Buffalo Council, based in Rapid City, South Dakota. B次元官网网址淥ur goal and mission is to restore buffalo back to Indian country for that cultural and spiritual connection that Indigenous people have with the buffalo.B次元官网网址�

Centuries ago, an estimated 30 million to 60 million bison roamed the vast Great Plains of North America, from Canada to Texas. But by 1900, European settlers had driven the species to near extinction, hunting them en masse for their prized skins and often leaving the carcasses to rot on the prairie.

B次元官网网址淚tB次元官网网址檚 important to recognize the history that Native people had with buffalo and how buffalo were nearly decimated. B次元官网网址� Now with the resurgence of the buffalo, often led by Native nations, weB次元官网网址檙e seeing that spiritual and cultural awakening as well that comes with it,B次元官网网址� said Heinert, who is a South Dakota state senator.

Historically, Indigenous people hunted and used every part of the bison: for food, clothing, shelter, tools and ceremonial purposes. They did not regard the bison as a mere commodity, however, but rather as beings closely linked to people.

B次元官网网址淢any tribes viewed them as a relative,B次元官网网址� Heinert said. B次元官网网址淵ouB次元官网网址檒l find that in the ceremonies and language and songs.B次元官网网址�

Rosalyn LaPier, an Indigenous writer and scholar who grew up on the Blackfeet NationB次元官网网址檚 reservation in Montana, said there are different mythological origin stories for bison among the various peoples of the Great Plains.

B次元官网网址淒epending on what Indigenous group youB次元官网网址檙e talking to, the bison originated in the supernatural realm and ended up on Earth for humans to use,B次元官网网址� said LaPier, an environmental historian and ethnobotanist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. B次元官网网址淎nd thereB次元官网网址檚 usually some sort of story of how humans were taught to hunt bison and kill bison and harvest them.B次元官网网址�

Her Blackfeet tribe, for example, believes there are three realms: the sky world, the below world B次元官网网址� that is, Earth B次元官网网址� and the underwater world. Tribal lore, LaPier says, holds that the Blackfeet were vegetarians until an orphaned bison slipped out of the underwater world in human form and was taken in by two caring humans. As a result, the underwater bisonB次元官网网址檚 divine leader allowed more to come to Earth to be hunted and eaten.

In Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation, one of the largest Native American tribes with 437,000 registered members, had a few bison on its land in the 1970s. But they disappeared.

It wasnB次元官网网址檛 until 40 years later that the tribeB次元官网网址檚 contemporary herd was begun, when a large cattle trailer B次元官网网址� driven by Heinert B次元官网网址� arrived in fall 2014 with 38 bison from Badlands National Park. It was greeted by emotional songs and prayers from tribeB次元官网网址檚 people.

B次元官网网址淚 can still remember the dew that was on the grass and the songs of the birds that were in the trees. B次元官网网址� I could feel the hope and the pride in the Cherokee people that day,B次元官网网址� Heinert said.

Since then, births and additional bison transplants from various locations have boosted the population to about 215. The herd roams a 500-acre (2-square kilometer) pasture in Bull Hollow, an unincorporated area of Delaware County about 70 miles (113 kilometers) northeast of Tulsa, near the small town of Kenwood.

For now, the Cherokee are not harvesting the animals, whose bulls can weigh up to 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms) and stand 6 feet tall (nearly 2 meters), as leaders focus on growing the herd. But bison, a lean protein, could serve in the future as a food source for Cherokee schools and nutrition centers, said Bryan Warner, the tribeB次元官网网址檚 deputy principal chief.

B次元官网网址淥ur hope is really not just for food sovereigntyB次元官网网址檚 sake but to really reconnect our citizens back in a spiritual way,B次元官网网址� said Warner, a member of a United Methodist church.

That reconnection in turn leads to discussions about other fauna, he added, from rabbits and turtles to quail and doves.

B次元官网网址淎ll these different animals B次元官网网址� it puts you more in tune with nature,B次元官网网址� he said as bison sauntered through a nearby pond. B次元官网网址淎nd then essentially it puts you more in tune with yourself, because we all come from the same dirt that these animals are formed from B次元官网网址� from our Creator.B次元官网网址�

Originally from the southeastern United States, the Cherokee were forced to relocate to present-day Oklahoma in 1838 after gold was discovered in their ancestral lands. The 1,000-mile (1,600-kilometer) removal, known as the Trail of Tears, claimed nearly 4,000 lives through sickness and harsh travel conditions.

While bison are more associated with Great Plains tribes than those with roots on the East Coast, the newly arrived Cherokee had connections with a slightly smaller subspecies, according to Mackey. The animals on the tribeB次元官网网址檚 lands today are not direct descendants, he explained, but close cousins with which the tribe is able to have a spiritual bond.

B次元官网网址淲e donB次元官网网址檛 speak the same language as the bison,B次元官网网址� Mackey said. B次元官网网址淏ut when you sit with them and spend time with them, relationships can be built on B次元官网网址� other means than just language alone: sharing experiences, sharing that same space and just having a feeling of respect. Your body language changes when you have respect for someone or something.B次元官网网址�

Mackey grew up with Pentecostal roots on his fatherB次元官网网址檚 side and Baptist on his motherB次元官网网址檚. He still occasionally attends church, but finds more meaning in Cherokee ceremonial practices.

B次元官网网址淓ven if (tribal members) are raised in church or in synagogue or wherever they choose to worship, their elders are Cherokee elders,B次元官网网址� he said. B次元官网网址淎nd this idea of relationship and respect and guardianship B次元官网网址� with the land, with the Earth, with all those things that reside on it B次元官网网址� itB次元官网网址檚 passed down. It still pervades our identity as Cherokee people.B次元官网网址�

ThatB次元官网网址檚 why he believes the bisonB次元官网网址檚 return to Cherokee lands is so important.

B次元官网网址淭he bison arenB次元官网网址檛 just meat,B次元官网网址� he said. B次元官网网址淭hey represent abundance and health and strength.B次元官网网址�

B次元官网网址擝obby Ross Jr., The Associated Press